What Made You Take Interest in a Career in Cosmetology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 341 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Once upon a time, there was a little girl. This little girl enjoyed cutting her Barbie’s’ hair, her baby dolls’ hair, and even occasionally her own hair too. Once everyone’s hair was cut just right, she would find her markers and continue to â€Å"color† their hair. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Made You Take Interest in a Career in Cosmetology?" essay for you Create order After everyone’s hair was perfect she would â€Å"close her shop† Wash the dolls’ hair and be ready for the next day of work. Most girls have at least one moment in their life, when they have cared about their hair, the style, the cut, and the color. For me it hasn’t been just one moment, its been everyday. It’s not just my hair anymore either. Its EVERYONE’S hair. I enjoy styling everyone’s hair. Beauty and perfection fascinate me. I have been coloring my hair, and others hair, for six years. A selected few have also allowed me to cut their hair over the past three years. I have received no complaints. At age 16, I decided that I should look into Cosmetology school. Just after visiting one school, I was one hundred percent sure that cosmetology was the way to go. The ability to cut and Style people’s hair all day everyday†¦ It’s a dream come true! The feeling of having someone put their whole faith in you to cut, color or style their hair, its amazing. I love helping other people. Cosmetologist help people in two ways. They help you with your choice of hair fashion, and they are also there when you just need someone friendly to talk to. I would love the opportunity to be able to put a smile on someone’s face. Both for lending them my services and a friendly ear to listen. So all in all, my interest has always been in cosmetology. My interest will always be a part of me. They always say, â€Å"where there’s a will, there’s a way. † I have the will, I’m just hoping this school can help me find my way.

My Sisters Keeper - 2300 Words

An Ethical Discussion of My Sisters Keeper Trudy German Wayland Baptist University An Ethical Discussion of My Sisters Keeper Introduction and Thesis: Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) to provide a genetically matched donor for an older sick child and to use the organs of the younger to the medical benefit of the elder is not morally justifiable using rule utilitarian ethical theory. This principle is not justifiable due to both the nature of the proposed rule regarding PGD and, primarily, to the nature of utilitarian ethical philosophy in general. Arguments Supporting Thesis: Rule utilitarianism is a moral philosophy holding that general rules for moral guidance should be developed that will act as an aid in making†¦show more content†¦It appears to be a winning situation for everyone. This scenario provides support that the proposed rule may be a viable utilitarian rule, at least in this simplified situation. Unfortunately, all the cases these proposed rules are to be applied to arent this simple. The Fitzgeralds experiences provide an example wher e the simple case doesnt prevail and the situation is complicated by other events. Initially in My Sisters Keeper, it appears the umbilical cord blood cells take at Annas birth have done the job. Kate goes into remission for five years. However, at this point Kates APL flairs up and lymphocytes are drawn from Anna three times and inserted into Kate. Again this appears to work for the short term, but ultimately, the procedure fails. For the next eight years the process is repeated over and over again; Kate becomes ill, Anna donates something which should help her get better, the treatment works for a while but then stops working and a new, more invasive and painful donation and treatment is attempted. The situation during this period is not so simple and clear-cut. In the process, everyone in the family suffers: physically, emotionally, financially, and/or socially within the family and outside the home. Both Kate and Anna suffer physical pain with each procedure. Jesse begins to act upShow MoreRelatedEssay on My Sisters Keeper926 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Evelyn Rivas West Coast University 9 May 2013 My Sister’s Keeper Cloning is a controversial topic to where most people who argue about it, definitely do not agree with each other’s opinions. â€Å"My Sister’s Keeper† is a movie where one child, Anna, is conceived solely so her older sister Kate can fight leukemia. Once Anna reaches a certain age, she realizes what has been happening to her and refuses to go through with anything else by suing her mother. ThroughoutRead MoreTechnical Reading : My Sisters Keeper2807 Words   |  12 PagesTechnical reading: My Sisters Keeper A technical reading is where the film maker’s intentions are explained through the technical devices of a film. Nick Cassavetes (the director) was able to explain to us that even though Kate was sick she was happy. In one of the scenes where Kate is sitting outside cooped up in a blanket although she was looking pale and unhealthy she was giggling like she was 5 years old blowing bubbles into the sky. He proved his point to us through the way that he used a closeRead MoreMy Sister s Keeper By Jodi Picoult979 Words   |  4 PagesMy Sister’s Keeper by Jodi Picoult beautifully illustrates many different legal, ethical, and moral dilemmas that can accompany a possible terminal illness diagnosis within a family especially that of a young family. Ultimately the book causes you to re-examine any stance you may have had between that of what is legally and ethically right and what is morally right. Brian and Sara Fitzgerald have two small children who seem healthy and happy. Suddenly their daughter Kate falls sick, and after manyRead MoreMy Sister s Keeper By Jodi Picoult1216 Words   |  5 PagesReading Response – Kaitlyn Baker My Sister’s Keeper by Jodi Picoult Sad novels have never really appealed to me. I’ve never been drawn by their sombre and depressing tone, often leaving me in a state of wondering, what now? This novel didn’t excite me at first. The storyline of ‘My Sister’s Keeper’ by Jodi Picoult, follows Anna Fitzgerald as she takes her parents to court so that she could be emancipated from medically supporting here leukaemia ridden sister, Kate. But as I read through, there wereRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Sister s Keeper By Jodi Picoult1424 Words   |  6 PagesReading is my life. I enjoy every book that I pick up. I have many favorite authors from all types of backgrounds and all types of genres. My five favorite books are as followed: A Thousand Splendid Suns, My Sister’s Keeper, My Sister’s Keeper, The Secret Life of Bees and Act Like a Lady Think Like a Man. Each novel plays an important role in my life, they helped me get through some tough times. The books that I read whi le I was in high school helped me to find courage, to find faith, to find myselfRead MoreMy Sisters Keeper Essay1125 Words   |  5 Pagesan amazing story about a girl who was conceived to spend her life as a donator for her sister. She spends her whole life in hospitals trying to save her sister’s life. But is it all worth it? And does her sister even want her to do all this? In this book analysis I’ll tell you all about this beautiful story. C: 1: Anna, Sara Fitzgerald’s youngest daughter was created to donate bone marrow to her older sister Kate. They created a baby that could function as a suitable donor. This baby was Anna.Read MoreThe Book Thief And My Sister Keeper1875 Words   |  8 Pagesinevitable part of life. I have chosen to explore the theme how loss changes perspective. This theme is evident in the books The book thief by Markus Zusak, My sister keeper, by Jodi Picoult, The five people you meet in heaven, by Mitch Albom and The lovely bones, by Alice Sebold. The books The five people you meet in heaven by Mitch Albom and My sister keeper by Jodi Picoult, both potray the idea that death makes us question our purpose in life. This was shown in the book, The five people you meet in heavenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie My Sisters Keeper 1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe movie â€Å"My sisters keeper† is about 13 year-old Anna, who sues her parents for medical emancipation when she is expected to donate a kidney to her sister Kate, who has leukemia. This essay will focus on three events in Anna’s life, and discuss how each event in the characters life had an affect on her physical, psychosocial and cognitive development. The events that will be discussed are: how being brought into the world to save Kate affected Anna’s psychosocial development, how having to undergoRead MoreReaction to My Sisters Keeper Movie5317 Words   |  22 PagesMy Sisters Keeper by Jodi Picoult About the Book New York Times bestselling author Jodi Picoult is widely acclaimed for her keen insights into the hearts and minds of real people. Now she tells the emotionally riveting story of a family torn apart by conflicting needs and a passionate love that triumphs over human weakness. Anna is not sick, but she might as well be. By age thirteen, she has undergone countless surgeries, transfusions, and shots so that her older sister, Kate, can somehow fightRead MoreMy Sister s Keeper By Kate Fitzgerald1990 Words   |  8 PagesMy Sister’s Keeper follows the story of 13-year-old Anna Fitzgerald, who unexpectedly sues her parents for medical emancipation. Medical emancipation is granted to a minor, where they are no longer restricted to the wishes of their parents and may make their own decisions regarding medical treatment. Now, the reason Anna seeks medical emancipation is because her parents expect her to give up one of her kidneys for her older sister Kate. Kate Fitzgerald has had leu kemia since she was 2, and in the

Comparative Social Business Responsibility â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Comparative Social Business Responsibility? Answer: Introduction Ethics is regarded as the backbone of any institution weather it is a business or a non-profit seeking organization. Ethics and values does not merely state what is the right thing to do, but it also defines, doing things in a conscious, responsible and in a smart manner so that the company not only garners goodwill among the customers and the internal employees but also have a good name in the industry which will only turn out to be an asset in the long run of the operations of the business. Global ethics are universally accepted guidelines and rules of ethics and morals which should be adopted by the company and the management in the daily running of the operations. There are various aspects of ethics be it on the customer end or the employee end or for the society and the environment. Concept of triple bottom line Traditional concepts of business module include sales maximization, growth, expansion and profit as the primary focus of the business. This is the model of business that was followed by all business organizations as they would focus on increasing the monetary value of the business and create a global footprint. This theory has been replaced by a contemporary model and perspective which is known as the concept of triple bottom line. In this concept the business model deals with a much broader aspect of responsibilities that business entities have in order to survive in the industry and the market. It includes three Ps: Price, People and Planet. Price would include all that was in the traditional model of business, i.e. expansion of the business, sales optimization and profit maximization etc. People, this an addition to the new version of the sustainability model of business, it includes the people who are associated with the business be it the interest of the customers or the employe es of the company or the society at large. For example: cross-cultural management concept deals with people descending from diversified background to work as a team for the betterment of the organization. Lastly, the concept of Planet as this is one of the most important aspect in the business process that is often neglected by the organization. An organization like any other individual is entitled towards certain responsibilities towards the environment and nature as it has received a lot from the natural resources. Overview of the Oil and Gas Industry Oil and gas industry has been the pioneer of industrialization since the industrial revolution. The products and services are provided by this industry and significant and have special importance in running any other business around the world. Light, heat and mobility are just some of the aid that everyone enjoys form the produce of this industry. Though no one can deny the importance and the utility of the oil and gas industry, no one can also deny the fact that due to oil and gas drilling there is a lot of environmental depletion. Over the years there has also been a lot of disagreement around the economic and environmental issues surrounding this company. According to Ferrell and Fraedrich (1991), by 2017 the demand for oil and gas will reach up to 4 trillion cubic meters. To combat this great demand of oil and gas natural resource large reserves are being drilled and the industry has also faced a lot of controversies regarding the safety of the workers and the health hazards that are associated with working in the reservoirs and the site of the oil platforms. As referred before sustainability is always has been an issue with this industry the drilling of the oil and gas causes serious water pollution from the remains of the drilling and also the procedure causes a large amount of air pollution. Apart from that the land is being drilled and depletion of natural resources is another factor of the industry that causes environmental threat. Oil spills are another problem in the world that are causing serious water pollution and are developing major concerns in the world. Most petroleum reserves are found beneath the ocean floor and drilling rigs are utilised to extract the materials any leak or any issue with the rigs have the potential to cause major environmental damages. Leaving behind the traditional concepts of profit maximization business organisations are taking over the mantel of sustainability and welfare. Hence, the oil and gas industry companies have slowly invested and opted for sustainable, improved so that it can decrease the en vironmental impact as well as avoid the potential of any kind of disasters. Not only oil and gas companies but corporate all around the world have recognised the importance of environmental sustainability and have adopted it as a part of the business model. Impact of ethical risk management of oil and gas industry in the reduction of accidents Understanding and analysing the risk associated with several stakeholders is the first step towards developing an ethical culture within the organisation. Working in an ethical environment may cause a lot of changes in the policies and the decision making procedure of the company and it may take a little getting used to the new affairs of the operation by the employees and the stakeholders. Risk management and reduction of accidents are a part of cause and effect concept. If companies take an account of the risks that they pose to the environment or ethically and work towards reduction of those risks and crisis situations simultaneously the accidents associated with the risks also reduces. Two of major oil spills that united States have ever experienced to date is the Exxon Valdez spill and the deepwater horizon oil spill. There are several reasons for oil sills it can be man-made or natural. Experts estimate that 30-50 percent of oil spills are caused by human error directly or indi rectly. Moreover 20-40 percent times it is caused due to the failure of mechanism or equipment malfunction. If the management assess this problem and take precautions and employee skilled professionals to handle equipments, check and recheck the accounts and the records so that there is no place for human error then the plausible conditions for oil spills can be reduced and managed by the oil and gas industry (Michel and Fingas 2016). There are several mode of transportation involved in the transfer of petroleum from the oil, form the field to the server. Starting from tankers, pipelines, railcars, and tank trucks etc are few of the examples of the mode of transportation used. Hence there are high risks associated with the transportation of the products. Not only oil and gas industries governments also all the world has taken strict will measure and code of guideline sthat help reduce the risks of oil spills. Training the worker to develop skills, advanced use of technology to build equipments and modern ways to tackle the procedures of drilling, extraction and transportation process are some of the ways that can reduce the impact and the oil spills incidents. Recognizing and identifying danger and strategizing plans associated with risk analysis of the septic operation and practicing risk-mitigating actions are the most evident prevention tactics of prevention of oil spills. Research and development should be encouraged in the companies and innovations in the technologies should be implemented to understand the risk and manage them accordingly. Understanding the reasons and the cause of oil spills in the past provide an insight of what went wrong and how could it be prevented is one of the ways in which companies can reduce the risk of oil spills (Yusuf et al. 2014). The technologies before implementation or installation should go through thorough checks and quality procedures to endure temperature and climatic changes so that it does not behave in different ways in different conditions. The technologies should be certified by the authorities and should in corporate leak detection and in-line monitoring procedures for pipelines (Ventikos and Sotiropoulos 2014). Apart from oil spills there are also accidents with the employees who are working in the reserves and the platforms as well. The lives of the employees of any organization are one of the most important aspects that companies should take care of. Health issues from inhaling toxins exposed from drilling process, oil and gas and petroleum are all inflammable substances and hence there is a lot of risk associated with fire and explosions for the workers who are working in these reserves. Over the years of facing criticisms and controversies related to the occupational hazards that are associated with the oil and gas industry the wellbeing of the workers and safety precautions has been prioritized by my companies. Yet, there are several industrial hygiene concerns that are often ignored as they are not that prominent but cause a lot of impact. In order to determine the real risk to workers companies have to understand and analyze the risk in proper way and management has to take policies and decisions accordingly for the betterment and improvement of the working conditions of the workers. Accidents like falls and explosions and fires are some of the casualties that can be prevented with extra careful practices and proper risk management policies of the company (Ventikos and Sotiropoulos 2014). Apart from this, the workers are mostly exposed to hazaderous chemicals like drilling fluids, hydrogen sulfide, silica, diesel exhaust and mercury. A proper exposure control plan or EPA must be implemented by the company in order to reduce the risk that people are in due to chemicals that they are surrounded in the process. The plan should highlight and provide guidelines to protect the health and wellbeing of the workers against chemical exposures, it should also give out information and data relating to health hazards, equipment controls, safety procedures during the working hours, skill development and training to the workers and maintaining a check or record of the inciden ts and its cause and impact so that in the future such accidents may not occur. Ethical risk management will reduce any accidents in the future and companies have encouraged the usage of sustainable technologies and ethical guidelines to ensure the reduction in the incidents in the past decade. Consistently increasing awareness and advancement of technologies by the oil and gas companies have decreased the possibilities of accidents it should be kept in mind that these guidelines are strictly followed. There are also several authorities and institutions that look after the companies in this matter as well. Risks that BP, Exxon, and the fracking industry continue to face The oil and gas industry is full of risks and hazards. Oil spills and accidents are bound to happen as it deals with inflammable substances, hence in order to avoid the accidents the companies should take mitigation measures and risk management policies. During the Exxon oil spill which occurred during 1989 the company recognized its mistake and had taken full responsibility in restoring the shores and the wildlife that was fiercely affected by the oil spill in the sound region (Whiffen 2013). The company has to pay millions of dollars in as fine and restoration process went on for more than a decade. But experts believe that there has been a permanent effect on the environment and the water life of that area and it cannot be restored back to normal any time soon. The significant damage that the spill has caused to the fishery and the water life in that area is of great extent (Berkowitz et al. 2017). The beaches in that area are also examined as toxic and are filled with oil remaini ng. The shoreline is still contaminated and there rare several pits of oil still found in that region. The oil and gas industry has leant a lot form this iconic infamous incident and has adopted a lot to ensure that such incidents do not take place in the future (Papavinasam 2013). The explosion in the deep water horizon in the Gulf of Mexico highlights the fact that the oil and gas companies are yet to be fully responsible in recognizing the threat that they pose to the environment and the society. Companies are yet to understand the gravity of the risk that the operations possess. Beyond petroleum was already under the radar of criticism for the careless policies and decisions that the company showed towards handling safety and precaution of the works along with the sustainability of the operations (Ferrell and Fraedrich 1991). That the company had to rebrand itself, it adopted some extensive and some important measures in the daily operations of the business, code of conduct in the reservoirs and drilling areas as well as using alternative energy sources. As the company tried to reposition itself as sustainable and responsible it had drawn upon some obligations towards the society and environment (Lamendella et al. 2014). The explosion of the oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico made it evident, how obligated they were in their actions. The explosion did not only affect the environment by spilling gallons of crude oil into the water but also took the lives of 11 workers who were in the rig. All the efforts of the company to stop the oil from spilling failed and around 2.5million gallons of oil was pouring out of the rig on a daily basis. The costs of Louisiana, Texas, Florida, Mississippi and Alabama were washed with oil affecting the daily livelihood of thousand of fishermen and killing several aquatic animals. The explosion proved that the contingency plans of the company to control any disaster were inadequate and not full proof. There was no option of system shut down which could have been used as a last resort in any crisis situation. The after effect of this spill will be felt by both the company and the country for years as the government had ordered to shut down 33 rigs in that area which supplied around one-third of the supply in Ame rica (Acosta-Gonzlez et al. 2015). Hydraulic fracturing also known as fracking is a process of extracting natural gas by pumping water, sand and chemicals into shale rock to force out the gas. Fracking has been view by many as the revolutionary opportunity in the energy sector. Natural gas is comparatively cleaner than coal as it emits considerably less amount of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and mercury which is the known to be the harmful components in the burning coal. Furthermore the process requires only 0.5% of drilling liquid which is also hazardous. The recent discovery of the shale gas reserve in the United sates have given this process a boost and also a promotion to the energy supply for approximately 100 years as anticipated by experts (de Melo-Martn et al. 2014). Nevertheless, the risks yet remain it is comparatively lesser than others but it is still a inflammable substance and that itself has a lot of risk associated with it. It is being said that methane is being emitted by the process of fracking and also that it cases the seismic shift of the tectonic place in the area of drilling. There are other chemicals that are used by the process which are carcinogenic in nature like benzene, hydrochloric acid and diesel (Kelland 2014). Impact of ethical leadership in risk management For an industry as old and as criticized like the oil and gas industry, it is very important to be ethical in nature, the three pillars of sustainability model must be considered by the oil and gas industry than any other as the risks associated with the industry is also significantly higher than any other industry. As stated by Ferrell and Fraedrich (1991), there are risk associated the production to the transportation to the storage of the product that the industry offers. In such cases ethics become the backbone of the company and just developing sustainable and health welfare products does not end the process for the industry. The policies and the decisions as well as the technologies that are innovated have to go through strict and stringent rules and regulations. The companies are in great need for leaders who are ethically driven and give more and more importance to the societal and the environmental welfare because those two factors form the majority of backup and support for the company (Varfolomeev et al. 2014). Conclusion The impact the oil and gas industry have on the economies, environment and society is unlike any other industry. The importance of energy is not unknown to any but the pressing issue at the current situation is the significant depletion of the environment and the effect it has on society. Oil and gas companies should understand the responsibility they have towards the welfare of the society along with the environmental responsibility they have. The aim should not be to prevent any accidents that are a prerequisite that comes with the business, the aim should be towards innovations and creativity so that the company can ensure the betterment of the environment and the improvement of the work life of the people associated with the industry. Reference List: Acosta-Gonzlez, A., Martirani-von Abercron, S.M., Rossell-Mra, R., Wittich, R.M. and Marqus, S., 2015. The effect of oil spills on the bacterial diversity and catabolic function in coastal sediments: a case study on the Prestige oil spill.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,22(20), pp.15200-15214. Berkowitz, H., Bucheli, M. and Dumez, H., 2017. Collectively designing CSR through meta-organizations: A case study of the oil and gas industry.Journal of Business Ethics,143(4), pp.753-769. de Melo-Martn, I., Hays, J. and Finkel, M.L., 2014. The role of ethics in shale gas policies.Science of the total environment,470, pp.1114-1119. Ferrell, O.C. and Fraedrich, J., 1991. Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases. Houghton Mifflin College Division. Kelland, M.A., 2014.Production chemicals for the oil and gas industry. CRC press. Lamendella, R., Strutt, S., Borglin, S., Chakraborty, R., Tas, N., Mason, O.U., Hultman, J., Prestat, E., Hazen, T.C. and Jansson, J.K., 2014. Assessment of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill impact on Gulf coast microbial communities.Frontiers in microbiology,5. Michel, J. and Fingas, M., 2016. Oil Spills: Causes, Consequences, Prevention, and Countermeasures.Fossil Fuels: Current Status and Future Directions,1, p.159. Papavinasam, S., 2013.Corrosion control in the oil and gas industry. Elsevier. Varfolomeev, E., Marin, O., Bykov, D., Karasev, O., Velikanova, N., Vetchinkina, E., Edelkina, A. and Thurner, T., 2014. Connecting strategy, environmental and social indicators: a study of oil and gas producers. Ventikos, N.P. and Sotiropoulos, F.S., 2014. Disutility analysis of oil spills: graphs and trends.Marine pollution bulletin, business-law, pp.116-123. Whiffen, J., 2013. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.Proto-Type,1. Yusuf, Y.Y., Gunasekaran, A., Musa, A., Dauda, M., El-Berishy, N.M. and Cang, S., 2014. A relational study of supply chain agility, competitiveness and business performance in the oil and gas industry.International Journal of Production Economics,147, pp.531-543.

Pan-Africanism free essay sample

Who are the Pan-Africanists? No one can say with authority who was the first person to express ideas synonymous with pan-Africanism, but resistance to foreign domination has been a constant element of African history on and off the continent. It is generally accepted, however, that true pan-African thinking first appeared among Black people in the Diaspora. Africans who were outside of Africa and stripped of their tribal affiliation were quick to recognize that their subjugation was based on their race; hence the call for racial unity in the face of a shared oppressive experience was originally given voice among them. Early pan-African sentiments were clearly expressed by the 1700s. In America in 1787, for example, the famed Freemason Prince Hall sent a formal request to the Massachusetts Legislative Assembly for help with immigrating back to Africa. Likewise in the first two decades of the 1800s, the successful Boston merchant Paul Cuffee supported the repatriation of a least two groups of emigrants at his own expense. We will write a custom essay sample on Pan-Africanism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Prominent African Nationalists of that time include Henry Sylvester Williams, Edward W. Bylden, Benito Sylvain, Orishatukeh Faduma, and Mojola Agbebi. A good article to read about this subject is â€Å"Pan-Negro Nationalism in the New World Before 1862† by Hollis R. Lynch. But aside from those luminaries, many scholars point to two particular meetings in order to date the beginning of the pan-African movement. The Chicago Congress on Africa in 1893 and the London meeting of the African Association in 1900 which introduced the use of the term â€Å"pan-African†. Nevertheless, while both of those meetings were historic in their originality, participation and outlook, it was the later Pan-African Congresses sponsored by W. E. B. Dubois and the U. N. I. A. conventions of Marcus Garvey that traditionally have been credited with having the most influence on pan-African thinking. Over a 45 year period, DuBois would champion or be involved with six Congresses which would inspire such African leaders as Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Nnamdi Azikiwe of Nigeria, Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, Wallace Johnson of Sierra Leone, and Ralph Armattoe of Togo among others. Marcus Garvey, on the other hand, spread his fiery message of African unity through the largest movement of Black people the world has ever known. The work of those two leaders inspired a wave of pride, resistance, and self-reliance which swept the globe and produced independence and human rights movements which left no African people moved. Moreover, new leaders and organizations emerged in the wake of DuBois and Garvey that have had riveting effects on African history including Malcolm X, the Black Panthers, the African National Congress, and the Pan-African Congress of Azania. Pan-Africanism would, subsequently, reach a new level of institutionalization with the launch of the 1958 First Conference of Independent African States in Ghana. That would be followed by several other expressions of African unity including â€Å"the Union of African States (1960), the African States of the Casablanca Charter (1961), the African and Malagasy Union (1961), the Organization of Inter-African and Malagasy States (1962), the African-Malagasy-Mauritius Common Organization (1964)† and the Organization of African Unity (1963). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright  © 2007, Columbia University Press. ) In 2002, the Organization of African Unity transformed itself into the African Union with the stated objectives â€Å"to achieve greater unity and solidarity between the African countries and the peoples of Africa† and â€Å"to accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent. † (www. african-union. org) Yet in s pite of this long, rich and progressive history, pan-Africanism and African Nationalism are much misunderstood and maligned. The pan-African movement is not racist, sexist, homophobic, communist, or based on religious bigotry. As a matter of fact, the modern pan-African movement is open to every person willing to participate in the struggle to produce a world from racism, sexism or discrimination. Additionally, the modern African Nationalist community is strong and vibrant. Despite the best efforts of the FBI and CIA to dispose and discredit African leaders, the masses of African people have never lost focus of their dream for a world based on freedom, justice, and equality. Indeed the people who created civilization are now ready to give birth to a new world and a new type of human society. African Nationalists believe that the best way to free the earth from the hatred and prejudice of Western white supremacy is to form a great African nation based on the timeless but revolutionary principle of the equality of humankind birthed from a movement that models that principle in theory and in practice. If you are interested and would like to get involved in the pan-African struggle, then the simplest thing to do is to email me, Maurice X, President of the United Pan-African Student Movement at [emailprotected] com. We will be restarting our meetings in Durham after the summer break and you can get involved with any of our programs from the African History class to the AIDS/HIV education and social services project. In addition you can look for and read future articles from a pan-African perspective by me here in The Nubian Message. Maurice X is the President of the United Pan-African Student Movement. He is a community activist, writer, and former teacher of Adult Education at Durham Technical Community College. Maurice resides in Durham and is a graduate of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and North Carolina Central University. In his spare time he enjoys reading and exercising.